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        <p>在Linux部分介绍了<a href="https://www.zxpblog.cn/2018/08/16/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">变量的概念</a>，以及初略的介绍了shell变量和环境变量，这里将深入讨论。<br><a id="more"></a></p>
<p>定义变量时，变量名不加美元符号$(PHP语言中变量需要)，如：</p>
<pre><code>your_name=&quot;zxp&quot;;
</code></pre><p>注意，变量名和等号之间不能有空格，这可能和熟悉的所有编程语言都不一样。同时，变量名的命名虚遵循如下规则：</p>
<ul>
<li>命名只能使用英文字面、数字和下划线，首个字符不能以数字开头；</li>
<li>中间不能有空格，可以使用下划线；</li>
<li>不能使用标点符号；</li>
<li>不能使用bash里的关键字。</li>
</ul>
<p>有效的shell变量名示例如下：</p>
<pre><code>zxp
_zxp
var1
_var2
</code></pre><p>无效的变量名：</p>
<pre><code>3var
zxp=
user*name
</code></pre><p>除了显式地直接赋值外，还可以用语句给变量赋值，如：</p>
<pre><code>for file in &apos;ls /etc&apos;
for file in $(ls /etc)
</code></pre><p>以上语句将/etc下目录的文件名循环出来</p>
<h2 id="使用变量"><a href="#使用变量" class="headerlink" title="使用变量"></a>使用变量</h2><p>使用一个定义过的变量，只要在变量名前面加上美元符号即可，如：</p>
<pre><code>your_name=&quot;zxp&quot;
echo $your_name
echo ${your_name}
</code></pre><p>变量名外面的花括号是可选的，加不加都行，加花括号是为了帮助解释器识别变量的边界，比如下面这种操作:</p>
<pre><code>for skill in Ada Coffe Action Java; do
    echo &quot;I am good at $(skill)Script&quot;
done
</code></pre><p>如果不给变量加花括号，写成了<code>echo &quot;I am good at $skillScript&quot;</code>，解释器就会把$skillScript当成一个变量（其值为空），代码执行结果就不是我们期望的样子了。</p>
<p>推荐给所有变量加上花括号，这是个好的编程习惯。</p>
<p>已定义的变量，可以被重新定义，如：</p>
<pre><code>your_name=&quot;tom&quot;
echo $your_name
your_name=&quot;alibaba&quot;
echo $your_name
</code></pre><p>这样的写法是合法的，但注意，第二次赋值的时候不能写<code>$your_name=&quot;alibaba&quot;</code>，使用变量的时候才加美元符</p>
<h2 id="只读变量"><a href="#只读变量" class="headerlink" title="只读变量"></a>只读变量</h2><p>使用readonle命令可以将变量定义为只读变量，只读变量的值不能被改变。</p>
<p>下面的例子尝试更改只读变量，结果报错：</p>
<pre><code>#! /bin/bash
myUrl=&quot;https://www.zxpblog.cn&quot;
readonly myUrl
myUrl=&quot;https://zxpblog.cn&quot;
</code></pre><p>运行脚本，结果如下：</p>
<pre><code>./test.sh:行4: myUrl: 只读变量
</code></pre><h2 id="删除变量"><a href="#删除变量" class="headerlink" title="删除变量"></a>删除变量</h2><p>使用unset命令可以删除变量，语法：</p>
<pre><code>unset variable_name
</code></pre><p>变量被删除后不能再次使用，<strong>unset命令不能删除只读变量</strong>。</p>
<p>实例</p>
<pre><code>#! /bin/bash
myUrl=&quot;https://www.zxpblog.cn&quot;
unset myUrl
echo $myUrl
</code></pre><p>以上实例执行将没有任何输出。</p>
<h2 id="变量类型"><a href="#变量类型" class="headerlink" title="变量类型"></a>变量类型</h2><p>运行shell时，会同时存在三种变量：</p>
<ul>
<li>局部变量： 局部变量在脚本或命令中定义，仅在当前shell实例中有效，其他shell启动的程序不能访问局部变量。</li>
<li>环境变量： 所有程序，包括shell启动的程序，都能访问环境变量，有些程序需要环境变量来保证其正常运行。必要的时候shell脚本也可以定义环境变量。</li>
<li>shell变量： shell变量是由shell程序设置的特殊变量，shell变量中有一部分是环境变量，有一部分局部变量，这些变量保证了shell的正常运行。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="shell字符串"><a href="#shell字符串" class="headerlink" title="shell字符串"></a>shell字符串</h2><p>字符串是shell编程中最常用最有用的数据类型（除了数字和字符串，也没有啥其他类型好用了），字符串可以用单引号，也可以使用双引号，也可以不用引号，单双引号的区别跟PHP类似。</p>
<h3 id="单引号"><a href="#单引号" class="headerlink" title="单引号"></a>单引号</h3><pre><code>str=&apos;this is a string&apos;
</code></pre><p>单引号字符串的限制：</p>
<ul>
<li>单引号里的任何字符都会原样输出，单引号字符串中的变量是无效的；</li>
<li>单引号字符串中不能出现单独一个的单引号（对单引号使用转义字符也不行），但可成对出现，作为字符串拼接使用。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="双引号"><a href="#双引号" class="headerlink" title="双引号"></a>双引号</h3><pre><code>your_name=&quot;zxp&quot;
str=&quot;Hello, I know you are \&quot;$your_name\&quot;! \n&quot;
echo -e $str
</code></pre><p>输出结果</p>
<pre><code>Hello, I know you are &quot;zxp&quot;!
</code></pre><p>双引号的优点：</p>
<ul>
<li>双引号里可以有变量</li>
<li>双引号里可以出现转义字符</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="拼接字符串"><a href="#拼接字符串" class="headerlink" title="拼接字符串"></a>拼接字符串</h3><pre><code>your_name=&quot;zxp&quot;
#使用双引号拼接
greeting=&quot;hello, &quot;$your_name&quot;!&quot;
greeting_1=&quot;hello, ${your_name}!&quot;
echo $greeting $greeting_1
#使用单引号拼接
greeting_2=&apos;hello, &apos;$your_name&apos; !&apos;
greeting_3=&apos;hello, ${your_name} !&apos;
echo $greeting_2 $greeting_3
</code></pre><p>输出：</p>
<pre><code>hello, zxp! hello, zxp!
hello, zxp ! hello, ${your_name} !
</code></pre><h3 id="获取字符串长度"><a href="#获取字符串长度" class="headerlink" title="获取字符串长度"></a>获取字符串长度</h3><pre><code>string=&quot;abcd&quot;
echo ${#string}
#输出4
</code></pre><h3 id="提出子字符串"><a href="#提出子字符串" class="headerlink" title="提出子字符串"></a>提出子字符串</h3><p>以下实例从字符串第2个字符开始截取4个字符：</p>
<pre><code>#extract substring
string=&quot;zxpblog is a gread site&quot;
echo ${string:1:4}
#输出xebl
</code></pre><h3 id="查找子字符串"><a href="#查找子字符串" class="headerlink" title="查找子字符串"></a>查找子字符串</h3><p>查找字符i或o的位置（哪个字符先出现就计算哪个）：</p>
<pre><code>#find substring
string=&quot;zxpblog is a gread siet&quot;
echo `expr index &quot;$string&quot; io`
#输出6
</code></pre><p>注意：以上脚本中的`是反引号，而不是单引号’，不要看错了</p>
<h2 id="shell数组"><a href="#shell数组" class="headerlink" title="shell数组"></a>shell数组</h2><p>bash支持一维数组（不支持多维数组），并且没有限定数组的大小。</p>
<p>类似于C语言，数组元素的下表由0开始编号，获取数组中的元素利用下表，下表可以是整数或算术表达式，其值应大于或等于0。</p>
<h3 id="定义数组"><a href="#定义数组" class="headerlink" title="定义数组"></a>定义数组</h3><p>在shell中，用括号来表示数组，数组元素用空格符号隔开。定义数组的一般形式如下：</p>
<pre><code>数组名=(值1 值2 ... 值n)
</code></pre><p>例如，</p>
<pre><code>array_name=(value0 value1 value2 value3)
</code></pre><p>或者</p>
<pre><code>array_name=(
value0
value1
value2
value3
)
</code></pre><p>还可以单独数组的各个分量：</p>
<pre><code>array_name[0]=value0
array_name[1]=value1
</code></pre><p>可是不使用连续的下标，而且下标的范围没有限制。</p>
<h3 id="读取数组"><a href="#读取数组" class="headerlink" title="读取数组"></a>读取数组</h3><p>读取数组元素值得一般格式是：</p>
<pre><code>${数组名[下标]}
</code></pre><p>例如：</p>
<pre><code>value=${array_name[n]}
</code></pre><p>使用@符号可以获取数组中得所有元素，例如：</p>
<pre><code>echo ${array_name[@]}
</code></pre><h3 id="获取数组得长度"><a href="#获取数组得长度" class="headerlink" title="获取数组得长度"></a>获取数组得长度</h3><p>获取数组长度得方法与获取字符串长度得方法相同，例如：</p>
<pre><code>array_name=(1 2 3 4)
echo ${array_name[@]} ${array_name[1]}
#取得数组元素的个数
length=${#array_name[@]}
echo $length
#取得数组元素的个数
length=${#array_name[*]}
echo $length
#获取数组单个元素的长度
lengthn=${array_name[n]}
echo $lengthn
</code></pre><p>输出：</p>
<pre><code>1 2 3 4 2
4
4
1
</code></pre><h2 id="shell注释"><a href="#shell注释" class="headerlink" title="shell注释"></a>shell注释</h2><p>以#开头的行就是注释，会被解释器忽略</p>
<p>通过每一行加上一个#设置多行注释，如下：</p>
<pre><code>#--------------------------------------------
# 这是一个注释
# author：zxpblog
# site：www.zxpblog.cn
# slogan：学的不仅是技术，更是梦想！
#--------------------------------------------
##### 用户配置区 开始 #####
#
#
# 这里可以添加脚本描述信息
# 
#
##### 用户配置区 结束  #####
</code></pre><p>每一行加个#符号太费力了，可以把这一段要注释的代码用一对花括号括起来，定义成一个函数，没有地方调用这个函数，这块代码就不会执行，达到了和注释一样的效果。</p>
<h3 id="多行注释"><a href="#多行注释" class="headerlink" title="多行注释"></a>多行注释</h3><p>多行注释还可以使用以下格式：</p>
<pre><code>:&lt;&lt;EOF
注释内容...
注释内容...
注释内容...
EOF
</code></pre><p>EOF也可以使用其他符号：</p>
<pre><code>:&lt;&lt;&apos;
注释内容...
注释内容...
注释内容...
&apos;


:&lt;&lt;!
注释内容...
注释内容...
注释内容...
!
</code></pre>
      
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